Abstract
Since HIV was first identified, and in a relatively short period of time, AIDS has become one of the most devastating infectious diseases of the 21st century. Classical antiretroviral therapies were a major step forward in disease treatment options, significantly improving the survival rates of HIV-infected individuals. Even though these therapies have greatly improved HIV clinical outcomes, antiretrovirals (ARV) feature biopharmaceutic and pharmacokinetic problems such as poor aqueous solubility, short half-life, and poor penetration into HIV reservoir sites, which contribute to the suboptimal efficacy of these regimens. To overcome some of these issues, novel nanotechnology-based strategies for ARV delivery towards HIV viral reservoirs have been proposed. The current review is focused on the benefits of using lipid-based nanocarriers for tuning the physicochemical properties of ARV to overcome biological barriers upon administration. Furthermore, a correlation between these properties and the potential therapeutic outcomes has been established. Biotechnological advancements using lipid nanocarriers for RNA interference (RNAi) delivery for the treatment of HIV infections were also discussed.
Highlights
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is known to promote the continuous deterioration of the host immune system, being responsible for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) [1,2]
In the previous sections we have presented the classical therapy approach of HIV infections/AIDS based on the use of ARV drugs
It has recently been discovered that SGR retro-inserts novel genomic complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) into neuronal genomes and becomes dysregulated in AD, producing numerous APP variant genes, transcripts, and AβP that would remain in the brain in various potential forms and may not be recognized by specific Aβ-antibodies used in the therapeutic attempts to target AβP [156,157]
Summary
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is known to promote the continuous deterioration of the host immune system, being responsible for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) [1,2]. Among the multiple nanocarriers that can be used for ARV delivery, lipid-based nanocarriers hold great promise since 15 of the 21 marketed approved nanomedicines are liposomes or lipid nanoparticles (AmBisome®, DaunoXome®, DepoCyt®, DepoDur®, Doxil®, Inflexal® V, Marqibo®, Mepact®, Myocet®, Visudyne®, Abelcet®, Amphotec®, Fungizone®, Diprivan®, Estrasorb®) [25] Of particular notice, this list has been recently upgraded with the introduction in the market of nucleoside-based nanomedicines for the treatment of hereditary transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis (Onpattro®) and prophylaxis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection (Pfizer/BioNTech Comirnaty® and the Moderna COVID-19 vaccines). This list has been recently upgraded with the introduction in the market of nucleoside-based nanomedicines for the treatment of hereditary transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis (Onpattro®) and prophylaxis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection (Pfizer/BioNTech Comirnaty® and the Moderna COVID-19 vaccines) These carriers are well-accepted in the scientific community for therapeutic purposes mainly because their structural units are generally recognized as safe (GRAS) [25]. Dmiseadsieat(eAdDs)i,ltehnecinhgiboiftiiotns eoxfpthreissseinoznymisecobynsAidReVrianggenatps rinomcoimsinbignabtiiootnecwhintholsoiRgNicAal‐approach mfoerditahteedpsrileevnecnintgioonf iatsnedx/porerstsrioenatims ceonntsiodfertihnigsanperuormoidsienggebnieorteacthivneoldogisiecaalsaep. pTrohaechutilization foorf tlhipeipdr-ebvaesnetdionnaannodc/oarrrtireerastmfoerntcoof-dtheilsivneeruyroAdRegVenaenrdatisviRe NdiAseaasied. sThtoe curtoilsizsatthioenborfain-blood libpaidrr‐ibearse(BdBnBa)n.ocarriers for co‐delivery ARV and siRNA aids to cross the brain‐blood barrier (BBB)
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