Abstract
Sargassum horneri (S. horneri) is a well-known brown seaweed widely distributed worldwide. Several biological activities of S. horneri have been reported. However, its effects on lipid metabolism and the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. In the present study, we examined the inhibitory effect of the active compound “(−)-loliolide ((6S,7aR)-6-hydroxy-4,4,7a-trimethyl-5,6,7,7a-tetrahydro-1-benzofuran-2(4H)-one (HTT))” from S. horneri extract on lipid accumulation in differentiated adipocytes. MTT assays demonstrated that (−)-loliolide is not toxic to 3T3-L1 adipocytes in a range of concentrations. (−)-loliolide significantly reduced intracellular lipid accumulation in the differentiated phase of 3T3-L1 adipocytes as shown by Oil Red O staining. Western blot analysis revealed that (−)-loliolide increased the expression of lipolytic protein phospho-hormone-sensitive lipase (p-HSL) and thermogenic protein peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1). Additionally, (−)-loliolide decreased expression of adipogenic and lipogenic proteins, including sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-α (C/EBP-α), and fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. These results indicate that (−)-loliolide from S. horneri could suppress lipid accumulation via regulation of antiadipogenic and prolipolytic mechanisms in 3T3-L1 cells. Considering the multifunctional effect of (−)-loliolide, it can be useful as a lipid-lowering agent in the management of patients who suffer from obesity.
Highlights
Due to its steadily increasing rates, obesity is regarded as a global epidemic and public health concern [1]
These results indicate that supplementation with significantly suppressed lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes
We demonstrated the potential of (−)-loliolide to reduce expression of lipogenic protein sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1) and adipogenic proteins peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-α (C/EBP-α), and fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4)
Summary
Due to its steadily increasing rates, obesity is regarded as a global epidemic and public health concern [1]. Abnormally elevated TG and cholesterol levels increase the risk of several comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and cancer [12]. Long-lasting overweight conditions exacerbate adverse effects, such as cardiometabolic risk factors that induce cardiovascular diseases, including CHD, stroke, and diabetes mellitus [14]. Sibutramine deactivates neurotransmitters, which are chemical messengers between neurons and target cells This blocks the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine and may increase serotonin levels that induce satiety and decrease appetite [19]. The development of new natural anti-obesity agents is an urgent requirement to treat obese patients without inducing side effects. The inhibitory effects of (−)-loliolide from S. horneri on lipid accumulation have rarely been investigated. (2019) investigated the lipid inhibitory effect of an ethanol extract separated from S. horneri on 3T3-L1 adipocytes [29]. Adipose-specific protein expression was determined to investigate the intracellular lipid inhibitory mechanisms in vitro
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