Abstract
Simple SummaryIntensive selective breeding and genetic improvement of relatively few pig breeds led to the abandonment of many low productive local pig breeds. However, local pig breeds are more highly adapted to their specific environmental conditions and feeding resources, and therefore present a valuable genetic resource. They are able to deposit more fat and have a distinct lipogenic capacity, along with a better fatty acid composition than modern breeds. Physiological, biochemical and genetic mechanisms responsible for the differences between fatty and lean breeds are still not fully clarified. The present paper highlights important associations to better understand the underlying mechanisms of lipid deposition in subcutaneous and intramuscular fat between fatty and lean breeds. Modern pig breeds, which have been genetically improved to achieve fast growth and a lean meat deposition, differ from local pig breeds with respect to fat deposition, fat specific metabolic characteristics and various other properties. The present review aimed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the differences between fatty local and modern lean pig breeds in adipose tissue deposition and lipid metabolism, taking into consideration morphological, cellular, biochemical, transcriptomic and proteomic perspectives. Compared to modern breeds, local pig breeds accumulate larger amounts of fat, which generally contains more monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids; they exhibit a higher adipocyte size and higher activity of lipogenic enzymes. Studies using transcriptomic and proteomic approaches highlighted several processes like immune response, fatty-acid turn-over, oxidoreductase activity, mitochondrial function, etc. which differ between local and modern pig breeds.
Highlights
The domestic pig (Sus scrofa) originated from wild boar through multiple independent domestications approximately 9000 years ago [1,2,3]
Ref. = reference; ACA = acetyl-CoA carboxylase; FAS = fatty acid synthase; G6PDH = glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; ME = malic enzyme; Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) = stearoyl-CoA desaturase; LPL = lipoprotein lipase; Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) = hormone sensitive lipase; Ib = Iberian; LN = Landrace; LW = Large White; LD = longissimus dorsi muscle; BF = biceps femoris muscle; SM = semimembranosus muscle; Bas = Basque; Ms = Meishan; Mas = Mashen; FC = fold change; ↑ higher enzyme activity in a local pig breed compared to a modern pig breed; ↓ lower enzyme activity in a local pig breed compared to a modern pig breed; ns = no statistically significant differences; / = not measured; * exact enzyme activities were not given, calculation of FC was not possible
In local compared to modern breeds, studies revealed upregulation of genes involved in adipogenesis, lipogenesis, immune response and insulin signaling/resistance and downregulation of genes involved in extracellular matrix formation and mitochondrial energy metabolism in the subcutaneous adipose tissue
Summary
The domestic pig (Sus scrofa) originated from wild boar through multiple independent domestications approximately 9000 years ago [1,2,3]. The efficiency and quality of pig meat production depend to a large extent on the metabolic processes involved in producing and depositing lipids. In order to optimize production traits in pigs, it is important to better understand the biological processes involved in the determinism of lipid metabolism in adipose tissue of pigs. Molecular mechanisms responsible for the differences between the fatty phenotypes of local pig breeds and the lean phenotypes of modern pig breeds are still not fully elucidated. The objective of the present article was to review the physiological and biochemical characteristics, differentially expressed genes and proteins, contributing to a better understanding of mechanisms responsible for differences in fat deposition between distinct metabolic types of pig breeds. Lipogenic Potential and Fatty Acids Composition in Local and Modern Pig Breeds
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