Lipid compounds of the umbilical cord vein and their alterations in preeclampsia

Abstract

The lipid composition of vascular walls changes during development, ageing and pathological processes. Preeclampsia is the most common pregnancy-associated pathological syndrome. It is accompanied by significant remodelling of the extracellular matrix, both in the umbilical cord vessels and in the surrounding Wharton's jelly. Lipids of the umbilical cord have not been extensively studied. Here we evaluate the lipid composition of the umbilical cord vein and its alteration in preeclampsia. Thin layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography were employed for these analyses. It was found that the umbilical cord vein wall, as with most human tissues, contains free fatty acids, mono-, di- and triacylglycerols, free cholesterol and its esters. The characteristic feature is the presence of high amounts of monounsaturated fatty acids, mainly myristoleic acid (C14:1) and oleic acid (C18:1), and polyunsaturated fatty acids, including eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6), which are rather minor lipid components of most human tissues. They exist both in a free form and in a form of acylglycerols and cholesterol esters. Preeclampsia is associated with an increase in the accumulation of free fatty acids, acylglycerols and cholesterol esters in the umbilical cord vein wall, with a proportional reduction in unsaturated fatty acid contents in all the investigated lipid fractions. Total amount of myristoleate was similar to control values. It is suggested that stimulation of lipolysis in maternal tissues increases supply of free fatty acids to foetal blood and promotes the accumulation fatty acids and their esters in some foetal vascular walls.