Abstract
Kidney disease is a multifactorial problem, with a growing prevalence and an increasing global burden. With the latest worldwide data suggesting that chronic kidney disease (CKD) is the 12th leading cause of death, it is no surprise that CKD remains a public health problem that requires urgent attention. Multiple factors contribute to kidney disease, each with its own pathophysiology and pathogenesis. Furthermore, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been linked to several types of kidney diseases. As dysregulation of miRNAs is often seen in some diseases, there is potential in the exploitation of this for therapeutic applications. In addition, uptake of interference RNA has been shown to be rapid in kidneys making them a good candidate for RNA therapy. The latest advancements in RNA therapy and lipid-based nanocarriers have enhanced the effectiveness and efficiency of RNA-related drugs, thereby making RNA therapy a viable treatment option for renal disease. This is especially useful for renal diseases, for which a suitable treatment is not yet available. Moreover, the high adaptability of RNA therapy combined with the low risk of lipid-based nanocarriers make for an attractive treatment choice. Currently, there are only a small number of RNA-based drugs related to renal parenchymal disease, most of which are in different stages of clinical trials. We propose the use of miRNAs or short interfering RNAs coupled with a lipid-based nanocarrier as a delivery vehicle for managing renal disease.
Highlights
IntroductionThe global prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is estimated at approximately 13.4%, while estimates suggest that acute kidney injury (AKI) affects approximately
The global prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is estimated at approximately 13.4%, while estimates suggest that acute kidney injury (AKI) affects approximately13.3 million people globally every year [1,2]
As miRNAs and short interfering RNA (siRNA) have emerged as a class of therapeutics with great potential, especially for the treatment of cancer, there has been some interest in using them as a therapy for renal diseases [14,15]
Summary
The global prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is estimated at approximately 13.4%, while estimates suggest that acute kidney injury (AKI) affects approximately. Studies on the diverse functions and mechanisms of action of RNA molecules have enabled its use in therapy. One of the current uses of nanotechnology in medicine is its application in drug delivery. Both the RNA-based drug development and efficient drug delivery methods have advanced substantially and simultaneously to allow for the clinical use of RNA therapy. Most recently and notably in this regard, are two authorised vaccines used against the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) [9] Both the BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccines employ lipid nanocarriers to facilitate the delivery of antigenic mRNA [10,11]. The review will focus mainly on the clinical applications of RNA therapy for renal diseases
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