Lipid-Based Gliclazide Nanoparticles for Treatment of Diabetes: Formulation, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Subacute Toxicity Study.

Abstract

IntroductionSolid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) are considered a promising system in enhancing the oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs; owing to their intrinsic ability to increase the solubility together with protecting the incorporated drugs from extensive metabolism.ObjectiveExploiting such properties, SLNs loaded with gliclazide (GLZ) were developed in an attempt to improve the oral bioavailability and the anti-diabetic action of GLZ, together with prolonging its duration of action for better glycemic control.MethodsSLNs were prepared by ultra-sonication technique using glyceryl behenate (Compritol®888 ATO) as a lipid matrix and poloxamer 188 (PLX) as a stabilizer. A 2*3 asymmetrical factorial design was adopted to study the effect of different stabilizer concentrations at different sonication times on the shape, and size of the particles, PDI and drug loading. The selected optimum formulation was then freeze dried using trehalose di-hydrate as a cryo-protectant in different ratios with respect to glyceryl behenate concentration. After freeze drying, the formulation was tested for in-vitro drug release, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. Safety of the selected formula was established after carrying out a subacute toxicity study.ResultsThe factorial design experiment resulted in an optimum formulation coded 10F2 (150 mg PLX/10 min sonication). Scanning electron micrographs showed spherical particles with smooth surface, whereas a ratio of 2:1 cryo-protectant:lipid was found to be optimum with particle size of 245.9 ± 26.2 nm, polydispersity index of 0.482 ± 0.026, and biphasic in-vitro release with an initial burst effect, followed by a prolonged release phase. On the other hand, the selected SLNs exhibited prolonged drug release when compared with the GLZ commercial immediate release (IR) tablets (Diamicron®). Pharmacokinetics study showed about 5-fold increase in GLZ oral bioavailability loaded in SLNs when compared with raw GLZ powder. Pharmacodynamics study on a diabetic rat model confirmed the better anti-diabetic action of GLZ loaded SLNs when compared to raw GLZ powder. Subacute toxicity study indicated the safety of SLNs upon repetitive oral administration.