Abstract
Lipases can be used for a variety of biotechnological applications: synthesis of fine chemicals, therapeutics, agrochemicals, cosmetics, flavors, biopolymers and biodiesel. Biodiesel is an alternative fuel for diesel engines that is environmentally acceptable. Conventionally, biodiesel is produced by transesterification of triglycerides and short chain alcohols in the presence of an acid or an alkaline catalyst. There are several problems associated with this kind of production that can be resolved by using lipase as the biocatalyst. The usage of lipases has several advantages over the conventional chemical methods. It is considered as less energy intensive and environmentally friendly. However, there are two main obstacles associated with the effective utilization of lipases in the production of biodiesel. The main one is the cost of the enzyme and its poor stability in the presence of excess alcohol. Several strategies are proposed to overcome these drawbacks: immobilization of lipases, stepwise addition of alcohol, and the usage of novel acyl acceptors and the usage of whole cell biocatalysts.
Highlights
Lipases can be used for a variety of biotechnological applications
Biodiesel is an alternative fuel for diesel engines
biodiesel is produced by transesterification of triglycerides
Summary
Lipaze predstavljaju jednu od najvažnijih grupa biokatalizatora koji imaju veliku primenu u biotehnološkim procesima. Zahvaljujući činjenici da mogu katalizovati i hidrolizu i esterifikovanje, često se koriste u reakcijama transesterifikacije. Zbog niza prednosti koje imaju nad klasičnim katalizatorima lipaze postaju sve pogodnije za upotrebu u sintezi biodizela. U ovom radu prikazane su karakteristike lipaza koje se koriste u biotehnologiji, kao i njihova primena u sintezi biodizela. Nedostaci konvencionalnog homogeno-katalizovanog postupka mogu se prevazići na nekoliko načina kao što su primena heterogenih katalizatora (hidroksidi i oksidi zemno-alkalnih metala) [13,14,15], odvijanje reakcije transesterifikacije pod uslovima natkritičnog fluida [16,17] i korišćenjem enzima (lipaza) kao bio-katalizatora [18,19]. Primenom enzima kao katalizatora u reakciji transesterifikacije ne nastaju sapuni kao sporedni proizvodi, čime se značajno olakšavaju postupci prečišćavanja i time dobija biodizel boljeg kvaliteta. Lipaze koje se dobijaju iz kvasca i plesni kao sto su Candida rugosa, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Rhizopus oryzae, Burkholderia cepacia, Aspergillus niger, Thermomyces lanuginosa i Rhizomucor miehei najviše se koriste zbog relativno niske cene i pristupačnosti [1,30]
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