Abstract
AbstractEquatorially trapped waves, such as Kelvin Waves, Equatorial Rossby Waves and Westward‐moving Mixed Rossby–Gravity (WMRG) Waves, play a major role in organising tropical convection on synoptic to sub‐seasonal time‐scales. These waves have the potential to provide an important source of predictability for high‐impact weather in Southeast (SE) Asia and the Tropics more widely. To aid understanding of the role played in high‐impact weather by such waves, the observed statistical relationship between identified equatorial waves and heavy rainfall in SE Asia is examined for the period 1998–2016. Increases in the amount of precipitation and the likelihood of extreme precipitation in SE Asia are linked to all three types of waves that are included in analysis; Kelvin, equatorial Rossby and WMRG waves. There is both increased mean rainfall and increased probability of occurrence of heavy rainfall on days when high‐amplitude waves propagate over SE Asia. In particular, heavy precipitation can be up to three times more likely in regions of SE Asia during equatorial waves, including Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines. Kelvin waves have a large influence on heavy rainfall over Indonesia, WMRG and Kelvin waves impact Malaysia rainfall, and equatorial Rossby and WMRG waves are linked to increased rainfall over the Philippines. Based on this study it can be concluded that the probability of extreme precipitation in this region is dependent on equatorial wave activity. Therefore, the skill in probabilistic prediction of extreme precipitation in SE Asia would be expected to be conditional on the skill in equatorial wave prediction, and the modelled relationship between equatorial waves and convection.
Highlights
Southeast (SE) Asia is prone to high-impact weather, and is often subject to flooding and landslides as a result of heavy rainfall
Increases in the amount of precipitation and the likelihood of extreme precipitation in SE Asia are linked to all three types of waves that are included in analysis; Kelvin, equatorial Rossby and Westward-moving Mixed Rossby–Gravity (WMRG) waves
Kelvin waves have a large influence on heavy rainfall over Indonesia, WMRG and Kelvin waves impact Malaysia rainfall, and equatorial Rossby and WMRG waves are linked to increased rainfall over the Philippines
Summary
Southeast (SE) Asia is prone to high-impact weather, and is often subject to flooding and landslides as a result of heavy rainfall. Rainfall in Peninsular Malaysia and Indonesia tends to occur more in boreal winter, as a result of the Asian winter monsoon Both mean and heavy rainfall during boreal winter are largest over the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia, in regions of Sumatra and Java, along the northwest coast of Borneo, and on the east coast of the Philippines (Figure 1a,e). Rainfall is heavier in the Northern Hemisphere, with more precipitation occurring in the northeast of the Bay of Bengal and along the west coast of the Philippines, as a result of the Asian summer monsoon (Figure 1c,f). Global models used for numerical weather prediction have been known to fail to accurately capture Maritime Continent convection (e.g. Love et al, 2011; Birch et al, 2016; Johnson et al, 2016), limiting predictions of high-impact weather in the region
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