Abstract
Background:Population-based interventions aimed at halting the increasing prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) require thorough understanding of dietary interplays. Objective is to identify the independent dietary nutrients associated with MetS and its components using dietary pattern identification and the single-nutrient approaches in The United States.Methods:This is a cross-sectional observation. Participants are selected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) with available dietary intake, biochemical and anthropometrical data from 2001 to 2012. Exposure is diet obtained from 24-h dietary recall. Main outcome measure is MetS and its components.Results:Overall, 23 157 eligible individuals including 6561 with MetS were included in the final analysis. Using principle component analysis, we identified three food patterns that explained 50.8% of the variance of the dietary nutrient consumption. The highest quartile of the factor score representative of saturated/monounsaturated fatty acids or the first dietary pattern was associated with 1.27-fold (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.10–1.46, P=0.001) higher odds of association with MetS when compared with the first quartile. The second pattern representative of vitamins and trace elements had an odds ratio of 0.79 (95% CI: 0.70–0.89, P<0.001) for association with MetS, and the third pattern representative of polyunsaturated fatty acids did not have any association with MetS. The nutrient-by-nutrient approach showed that mild alcohol intake and lower consumption of total saturated fatty acids and sodium were associated with lower risk of MetS.Conclusions:Application of multiple complementary analytic approaches reveals more comprehensive dietary determinants of MetS and its components as potential intervening targets.
Highlights
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a major public health issue worldwide with increased risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.[1,2] Its prevalence is increasing rapidly, likely due to changes in lifestyle factors, socioeconomic status and dietary habits.[3,4] There is eminent need for population-based interventions to halt the rapidly increasing prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS)
Using the data reduction approach, we found that the highest quartile of the first principle component (PC) was associated with 1.27-fold higher odds of MetS compared with its lowest quartile
The highest quartile of the second PC representative of vitamins and trace elements was associated with significantly lower odds of MetS, and the third PC (PUFA diet) did not have any association with MetS
Summary
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a major public health issue worldwide with increased risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.[1,2] Its prevalence is increasing rapidly, likely due to changes in lifestyle factors, socioeconomic status and dietary habits.[3,4] There is eminent need for population-based interventions to halt the rapidly increasing prevalence of MetS. As a result of more recognition of limitations inherent to the single-nutrient approach, dietary pattern analysis has emerged as an attractive alternative approach for examining the effect of overall diet reflecting the real-world eating behaviors of the population.[13] In dietary pattern analysis, application of data reduction techniques such as principle component analysis (PCA) allows identification of groups of nutrients by creation of secondary variables representative of nutrients that often times are consumed together. Such quantitative secondary variables representative of distinct dietary patterns can be used in downstream analysis to explore the links between the specific dietary patterns and MetS. CONCLUSIONS: Application of multiple complementary analytic approaches reveals more comprehensive dietary determinants of MetS and its components as potential intervening targets
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