Abstract
A valid and reliable quantitative measure of chronic pain is essential for developing and evaluating interventions that aim to treat pain. In dogs, the Canine Brief Pain Inventory (CBPI) was originally adapted from a human measure, the Brief Pain Inventory, to assess owner-perceived pain and the impact of such pain on a dog's daily functioning. To be reliable and valid, data collected using a translated instrument should have evidence it is an accurate representation of the original instrument and is culturally appropriate for use in the intended context. To achieve this, instruments should undergo a rigorous translation process and be debriefed in the intended population of use. The CBPI is widely accepted and has been fully validated for use in US-English, Swedish, Italian, and French (France); further translation and validation of the CBPI is required to increase access to and use in other languages and countries. The objective of this study was to linguistically validate the CBPI for global use (Australia, China, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Japan, Netherlands and Portugal). In cognitive debriefing with a representative sample of dog owners in the target countries it was confirmed that the translations of the CBPI adequately convey the concepts in the original US-English version and that items are easily understood by dog owners. The results of the linguistic validation process thus produced measures that are conceptually equivalent to the original US-English-language CBPI and are culturally appropriate for use in the target countries.
Highlights
The often complex, multidimensional, and subjective nature of pain makes it difficult to assess
Using established methods from the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Society of Pharmoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR) [9, 10, 14, 15], the Canine Brief Pain Inventory (CBPI) was translated into Australian-English (Australia), Simplified Chinese (China), Dutch (Netherlands), German (Germany), Hungarian (Hungary), Irish-English (Ireland), Japanese (Japan), and Portuguese (Portugal) and cognitively debriefed with a sample of dog owners from each country to evaluate their understanding of the measure and confirm that the translations of the CBPI adequately convey the concepts in the original USEnglish version
As owner-reported outcome assessments become increasingly used in global clinical veterinary practice and research [16], the rigorous translation and linguistic validation of these measures is essential to ensure that data collected is valid and reliable
Summary
The often complex, multidimensional, and subjective nature of pain makes it difficult to assess. Pain assessment tools have been developed and validated to capture owner-perceived pain in canines, for osteoarthritis [2, 3]. One such assessment is the Canine Brief Pain Inventory (CBPI), which has been adapted from the human measure, the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) [4,5,6], to assess a dog’s pain severity and pain interference in their daily activities. The CBPI draws on the owner’s understanding and awareness of their dog’s behavioral changes that might indicate pain [2, 7]. Items for the CBPI were generated in interviews and cognitively debriefed with dog owners, and psychometric validation has demonstrated adequate construct validity and criterion validity for Linguistic Validation of the CBPI measuring a dog’s pain [2, 7], as well as the ability to detect clinically important changes in a dog over time [8]
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