Abstract
Where readers move their eyes, while proceeding forward along lines of text, has long been assumed to be determined in a top-down word-based manner. According to this classical view, readers of alphabetic languages would invariably program their saccades towards the center of peripheral target words, as selected based on the (expected) needs of ongoing (word-identification) processing, and the variability in within-word landing positions would exclusively result from systematic and random errors. Here we put this predominant hypothesis to a strong test by estimating the respective influences of language-related variables (word frequency and word predictability) and lower-level visuo-motor factors (word length and saccadic launch-site distance to the beginning of words) on both word-skipping likelihood and within-word landing positions. Our eye-movement data were collected while forty participants read 316 pairs of sentences, that differed only by one word, the prime; this was either semantically related or unrelated to a following test word of variable frequency and length. We found that low-level visuo-motor variables largely predominated in determining which word would be fixated next, and where in a word the eye would land. In comparison, language-related variables only had tiny influences. Yet, linguistic variables affected both the likelihood of word skipping and within-word initial landing positions, all depending on the words’ length and how far on average the eye landed from the word boundaries, but pending the word could benefit from peripheral preview. These findings provide a strong case against the predominant word-based account of eye-movement guidance during reading, by showing that saccades are primarily driven by low-level visuo-motor processes, regardless of word boundaries, while being overall subject to subtle, one-off, language-based modulations. Our results also suggest that overall distributions of saccades’ landing positions, instead of truncated within-word landing-site distributions, should be used for a better understanding of eye-movement guidance during reading.
Highlights
Reading is a complex perceptual and cognitive task, that involves the identification of individual words and their integration in the sentences’ syntactic and semantic context, and requires the execution of saccadic eye movements along the lines of text
These were analyzed as a function of saccadic launch-site distance to the space in front of the words, word length and word frequency, as well as word predictability in analyses restricted to the test words
In contradiction with the long-standing assumption that saccadic eye-movements during reading are guided in a word-based manner, we have shown that the frequency, and to some extent the predictability, of words affect both the likelihood of word skipping, and where in the words the eyes land, overall influencing saccades’ landing positions regardless of word boundaries
Summary
Reading is a complex perceptual and cognitive task, that involves the identification of individual words and their integration in the sentences’ syntactic and semantic context, and requires the execution of saccadic eye movements along the lines of text. Necessitated by the strong decrease of visual acuity with retinal eccentricity, saccades play a crucial role in that they determine which letters and words benefit from detailed viewing on successive eye fixations. Whether they are in turn cognitively guided towards the center of target words (or target word-objects), as selected based on the (expected) needs of ongoing word-identification processing, still remains an open question. This is a long-standing assumption, that accounts for a number of well-established eye-movement phenomena We further challenged the top-down word-based view by re-examining the respective influences of visual and linguistic variables on where the eyes move during reading, and testing in particular one of its strong predictions: that linguistic factors should exclusively influence the likelihood a word is fixated (vs. skipped), and not where in a word the eyes land, rather than overall modulating saccade amplitudes regardless of word boundaries
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