Lingering Sound: Event-Related Phase-Amplitude Coupling and Phase-Locking in Fronto-Temporo-Parietal Functional Networks During Memory Retrieval of Music Melodies.

Yi-Li Tseng,Hong-Hsiang Liu,Michelle Liou,Shuoh-Tyng Shyu,Vincent S C Chien,Zhi-Shun Yang,Arthur C Tsai

doi:10.3389/fnhum.2019.00150

Abstract

Brain oscillations and connectivity have emerged as promising measures of evaluating memory processes, including encoding, maintenance, and retrieval, as well as the related executive function. Although many studies have addressed the neural mechanisms underlying working memory, most of these studies have focused on the visual modality. Neurodynamics and functional connectivity related to auditory working memory are yet to be established. In this study, we explored the dynamic of high density (128-channel) electroencephalography (EEG) in a musical delayed match-to-sample task (DMST), in which 36 participants were recruited and were instructed to recognize and distinguish the target melodies from similar distractors. Event-related spectral perturbations (ERSPs), event-related phase-amplitude couplings (ERPACs), and phase-locking values (PLVs) were used to determine the corresponding brain oscillations and connectivity. First, we observed that low-frequency oscillations in the frontal, temporal, and parietal regions were increased during the processing of both target and distracting melodies. Second, the cross-frequency coupling between low-frequency phases and high-frequency amplitudes was elevated in the frontal and parietal regions when the participants were distinguishing between the target from distractor, suggesting that the phase-amplitude coupling could be an indicator of neural mechanisms underlying memory retrieval. Finally, phase-locking, an index evaluating brain functional connectivity, revealed that there was fronto-temporal phase-locking in the theta band and fronto-parietal phase-locking in the alpha band during the recognition of the two stimuli. These findings suggest the existence of functional connectivity and the phase-amplitude coupling in the neocortex during musical memory retrieval, and provide a highly resolved timeline to evaluate brain dynamics. Furthermore, the inter-regional phase-locking and phase-amplitude coupling among the frontal, temporal and parietal regions occurred at the very beginning of musical memory retrieval, which might reflect the precise timing when cognitive resources were involved in the retrieval of targets and the rejection of similar distractors. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first EEG study employing a naturalistic task to study auditory memory processes and functional connectivity during memory retrieval, results of which can shed light on the use of natural stimuli in studies that are closer to the real-life applications of cognitive evaluations, mental treatments, and brain-computer interface.

Highlights

With an increasing interest in neural mechanisms of music perception and naturalistic experimental stimulation over the past decade, the neural mechanisms underlying auditory memory have received substantial attention in the field of neuroimaging (Weinberger, 2014)
Through clarifying the intra- and interregional brain activities, the aim of this study is to address the following issues: (1) the existence of phase-amplitude coupling (PAC) in the neocortex as an indicator of neural coding scheme formed by EEG oscillations during auditory working memory processes; (2) the brain regions involved in auditory working memory and their functional connections; and (3) the temporal dynamics of functional connections during auditory memory retrieval
The information about independent components clustered into five brain regions are listed in Table 1, including the Talairach coordinates of the central dipoles, mean residual variance, and number of contributing participants

Summary

Introduction

With an increasing interest in neural mechanisms of music perception and naturalistic experimental stimulation over the past decade, the neural mechanisms underlying auditory memory have received substantial attention in the field of neuroimaging (Weinberger, 2014). Studies recording brain activation using modalities such as electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have explored the cognitive processes of auditory memory with distinct temporal and spatial scopes according to the resolution of these neuroimaging modalities (Zatorre et al, 1994; Schulze et al, 2011; Albouy et al, 2013, 2015, 2017; Huang et al, 2013; Plakke and Romanski, 2014; Kumar et al, 2016; Wilsch and Obleser, 2016). High temporal-resolution EEG signals were recorded and two indices, phase-amplitude coupling (PAC) and phase-locking, were utilized to evaluate the neural dynamic and functional connectivity between brain regions during an auditory working memory task. The design of a real-life and unpredictable paradigm could minimize the bias in research results on memory processing caused by the changes in slow brain rhythms possibly generated by a predictable paradigm (Schroeder and Lakatos, 2009)

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