Abstract
Due to the increasing trend of using renewable energy, the development of an energy storage system (ESS) attracts great research interest. A zinc–air battery (ZAB) is a promising ESS due to its high capacity, low cost and high potential to support circular economy principles. However, despite ZABs' technological advancements, a generic dynamic model for a ZAB, which is a key component for effective battery management and monitoring, is still lacking. ZABs show nonlinear behaviour where the steady-state gain is strongly dependent on operating conditions. The present study aims to develop a dynamic model, being capable of predicting the nonlinear dynamic behaviour of a refuellable ZAB, using a linear parameter-varying (LPV) technique. The LPV model is constructed from a family of linear time-invariant models, where the discharge current level is used as a scheduling parameter. The developed LPV model is benchmarked against linear and nonlinear model counterparts. Herein, the LPV model performs remarkably well in capturing the nonlinear behaviour of a ZAB. It significantly outperforms the linear model. Overall, the LPV approach provides a systematic way to construct a robust dynamic model which well represents the nonlinear behaviour of a ZAB.
Highlights
Renewable energy has great potential to sustain global energy security
linear time-invariant (LTI) models were used as the basis to construct the linear parameter-varying (LPV) model
By comparing model accuracy based on normalized root mean square error, results showed that the linear model, identified at each local point, was able to predict the behaviour of a zinc–air battery (ZAB) but only at the local vicinity of that point
Summary
Renewable energy has great potential to sustain global energy security. renewable energy is very intermittent royalsocietypublishing.org/journal/rsos R. Highly erratic, resulting in fluctuation in energy production. An energy storage system (ESS) can 2 stabilize such fluctuation and effectively support energy management and integration. ZABs characteristically have high energy density but low power. It is reported that ZABs are able to deliver peak power density up to 430 mW cm−2 and energy density up to 837 W h kg−1 [6]. These values have already exceeded the specific energy of commercialized lithium ion batteries (LIBs) many times. ZABs present great potential and feasibility in providing a decent ESS on a large scale
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