Abstract
The link of the metazoan nucleus to the actin cytoskeleton is highly important for actin polymerization and migration of multiple cell types as well as for mechanotransduction and even affects the cellular transcriptome. Several mechanisms of organization of actin filaments next to the nuclear envelope have been identified. Among these mechanisms the most studied one is the Linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complex-dependent perinuclear actin organization. However, recently additional mechanisms have been identified: an Actin-related protein-2/3 (Arp2/3)-dependent perinuclear actin polymerization during migration of dendritic cells and a perinuclear actin rim that is formed in response to external force application or migration cues. In parallel, there are also reports on cancer cells that migrate in a LINC complex independent manner and on cancers with reduced expression of the LINC complex components. Thus, suggesting that LINC complex independent migration may be associated with tumour formation.
Highlights
The nuclear envelope separates the eukaryotic nucleus from the rest of the cell
The nuclear envelope is composed of the Nuclear Pore Complexes (NPCs) and the nuclear membrane, encompassing an inner nuclear membrane (INM, facing the inside of the nucleus) and an outer nuclear membrane (ONM, facing the cytoplasm) (Hetzer, 2010; Wilson and Berk, 2010)
The ONM can interact with various cytoskeletal elements, including actin filaments, while in metazoans the INM is connected to a filamentous network termed the nuclear lamina
Summary
The nuclear envelope separates the eukaryotic nucleus from the rest of the cell. Apart from generating a physical barrier, the nuclear envelope is actively involved in several processes including organization of nuclear architecture, transcriptional control, and migration of both the nucleus and the cell. The ONM can interact with various cytoskeletal elements, including actin filaments, while in metazoans the INM is connected to a filamentous network termed the nuclear lamina (de Leeuw et al, 2018; Gruenbaum and Medalia, 2015). The nuclear lamina is composed of lamins, which are type V intermediate filament proteins classified into A-type and B-type lamins. They are key components for determining the structure and the mechanostability of the nucleus, but they have many other roles, for example in chromatin organization and DNA damage repair (Donnaloja et al, 2020; Gruenbaum and Foisner, 2015; Ho and Lammerding, 2012; Patil and Sengupta, 2021). Actin association with the nuclear envelope is important for correct positioning of the nucleus in polarized cells, cell migration, mechanotransduction and transcriptional control (Davidson and Cadot, 2021)
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