Abstract
Laser scanning is a non-invasive method for collecting and parameterizing 3D data of well reflecting objects. These systems have been used for 3D imaging of plant growth and structure analysis. A prerequisite is that the recorded signals originate from the true plant surface. In this paper we studied the effects of species, leaf chlorophyll content and sensor settings on the suitability and accuracy of a commercial 660 nm active laser triangulation scanning device. We found that surface images of Ficus benjamina leaves were inaccurate at low chlorophyll concentrations and a long sensor exposure time. Imaging of the rough waxy leaf surface of leek (Allium porrum) was possible using very low exposure times, whereas at higher exposure times penetration and multiple refraction prevented the correct imaging of the surface. A comparison of scans with varying exposure time enabled the target-oriented analysis to identify chlorotic, necrotic and healthy leaf areas or mildew infestations. We found plant properties and sensor settings to have a strong influence on the accuracy of measurements. These interactions have to be further elucidated before laser imaging of plants is possible with the high accuracy required for e.g., the observation of plant growth or reactions to water stress.
Highlights
Three-dimensional measurement and analysis of plant properties offer great benefits for the understanding of plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses [1]
The laser scanner uses a triangulation technique which means that a laser line is emitted and the reflection from the surface of the object is measured on a photosensitive array
Aiming at reliable and accurate laser scans of plant surfaces, we showed the various effects caused by laser penetration and absorption in different plant tissues
Summary
Three-dimensional measurement and analysis of plant properties offer great benefits for the understanding of plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses [1]. The laser technique is suitable for tracking the smallest tissue deformations and monitoring plant development due to its quick and high resolution data collection [4]. Producing 3D point clouds in the Euclidian space laser scanning allows the calculation of structural and geometric parameters like canopy height and structure to monitor plant growth and shape responses [1]. These measurements are limited to the working range of the scanning device. Laser scanning requires a trade-off between range, which means the distance between scanner and object, and resolution, the distance between two measured 3D values
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