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Abstract
BackgroundSalmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis has emerged as a significant foodborne pathogen throughout the world and is commonly characterized by phage typing. In Canada phage types (PT) 4, 8 and 13 predominate and in 2005 a large foodborne PT13 outbreak occurred in the province of Ontario. The ability to link strains during this outbreak was difficult due to the apparent clonality of PT13 isolates in Canada, as there was a single dominant pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profile amongst epidemiologically linked human and food isolates as well as concurrent sporadic strains. The aim of this study was to perform comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), DNA sequence-based typing (SBT) genomic analyses, plasmid analyses, and automated repetitive sequence-based PCR (rep-PCR) to identify epidemiologically significant traits capable of subtyping S. Enteritidis PT13.ResultsCGH using an oligonucleotide array based upon chromosomal coding sequences of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium strain LT2 and the Salmonella genomic island 1 successfully determined major genetic differences between S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis PT13, but no significant strain-to-strain differences were observed between S. Enteritidis PT13 isolates. Individual loci (safA and fliC) that were identified as potentially divergent in the CGH data set were sequenced in a panel of S. Enteritidis strains, and no differences were detected between the PT13 strains. Additional sequence-based typing was performed at the fimA, mdh, manB, cyaA, citT, caiC, dmsA, ratA and STM0660 loci. Similarly, no diversity was observed amongst PT13 strains. Variation in plasmid content between PT13 strains was observed, but macrorestriction with BglII did not identify further differences. Automated rep-PCR patterns were variable between serovars, but S. Enteritidis PT13 strains could not be differentiated.ConclusionNone of the methods identified any significant variation between PT13 strains. Greater than 11,300 base pairs of sequence for each of seven S. Enteritidis PT13 strains were analyzed without detecting a single polymorphic site, although diversity between different phage types of S. Enteritidis was observed. These data suggest that Canadian S. Enteritidis PT13 strains are highly related genetically.
Highlights
Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis has emerged as a significant foodborne pathogen throughout the world and is commonly characterized by phage typing
Enteritidis phage type 13 (PT13) strains with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) data reported to the National Microbiology Laboratory were retrospectively analyzed
Subtyping beyond phage type utilizing methods such as ribotyping, PFGE and plasmid profiling has generally only confirmed the clonal lineages discerned by phage typing without providing any further discriminatory power [10,34,29]
Summary
Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis has emerged as a significant foodborne pathogen throughout the world and is commonly characterized by phage typing. In Canada phage types (PT) 4, 8 and predominate and in 2005 a large foodborne PT13 outbreak occurred in the province of Ontario. Enteritidis) is a foodborne pathogen transmitted to humans predominately through contaminated eggs and other poultry food products [1]. S. Enteritidis was an infrequently reported serovar until the mid- to late 1980's when it emerged as a common cause of salmonellosis in European countries and worldwide [2,3,4]. Enteritidis has been among the top three reported Salmonella serovars resulting in human disease since 1998, accounting for between 12–21% of infections caused by Salmonella [8].
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