Abstract
Topography is a critical element in the hydrological response of a drainage basin and its availability in the form of Digital Elevation Models (DEM) has advanced the modelling of hydrological and hydraulic processes. However, progress experienced in these fields may stall, as intrinsic characteristics of free DEMs may limit new findings, while at the same time new releases of free, high-accuracy, global digital terrain models are still uncertain. In this paper, the limiting nature of free DEMs is dissected in the context of hydrogeomorphology. Nine sets of terrain data are analysed: the SRTM GL1 and GL3, HydroSHEDS, TINITALY, ASTER GDEM, EU DEM, VFP, ALOS AW3D30, MERIT and the TDX. In specific, the influence of three parameters are investigated, i.e., spatial resolution, hydrological reconditioning and vertical accuracy, on four relevant geomorphic terrain descriptors, namely the upslope contributing area, the local slope, the elevation difference and the flow path distance to the nearest stream, H and D, respectively. The Tanaro river basin in Italy is chosen as the study region and the newly released LiDAR for the Italian territory is used as benchmark to reassess vertical accuracies. In addition, the EU-Hydro photo-interpreted river network is used to compare DEM-based river networks. Most DEMs approximate well the frequency curve of elevations of the LiDAR, but this is not necessarily reflected in the representation of geomorphic features. For example, DEMs with finer spatial resolution present larger contributing areas; differences in the slope can reach 10%; between 5 m and 12 m H, none of the considered DEMs can faithfully represent the LiDAR; D presents significant variability between DEMs; and river network extraction can be problematic in flatter terrain. It is also found that the lowest mean absolute error (MAE) is given by the MERIT, 2.85 m, while the lowest root mean square error (RMSE) is given by the SRTM GL3, 4.83 m. Practical implications of choosing a DEM over another may be expected, as the limitations of any particular DEM in faithfully reproducing critical geomorphic terrain features may hinder our ability to find satisfactory answers to some pressing problems.
Highlights
One of the most critical elements in the hydrological response of a river basin is its topography
Within the large variety of remote sensing techniques, we focus on the two most disruptive technologies for generating Digital elevation models (DEMs): synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and light detection and ranging (LiDAR)
The cumulative frequency curves of elevation within the LiDAR footprint (Figure 4A) show that a large number of free DEMs approximate well the curve obtained from LiDAR data at 10 m spatial resolution
Summary
One of the most critical elements in the hydrological response of a river basin is its topography. Every source has its trade-offs, but remote sensing is the most versatile one, as it is able to deliver products with different areal coverages, resolutions and accuracies in an operational way – prime reason for the traction it gained in the last decades. This popularity might not have been attained had advances in remote sensing not been on a par with those in computational power and software, as well as with the release of other important datasets, land use and land cover, for example
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