Abstract
Ray-based propagation models are often used to simulate underwater acoustic communications signals. For longer-range low frequency acoustic communications, particularly under ice cover, it is necessary to determine if a ray-based model can give accurate results. An elastic ice reflection algorithm was added to the Bellhop Gaussian beam model, and the results for mid- and low-frequency propagation were compared to results obtained using a normal modes model adapted for an elastic ice reflection coefficient, and to the OASES wavenumber integration model. The effects of simplified boundary conditions, frequency, and ice thickness on amplitude and phase matching are examined.
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