Abstract
Lightwave systems with optical amplifiers are vulnerable to performance degradation due to polarization-dependent loss (PDL) and polarization-dependent gain (PDG).1 PDL may be caused by optical components, such as directional couplers and isolators,2 whereas PDG is caused by polarization hole burning (PHB) in optical amplifiers.3 Because of PDL and PDG, a polarized signal may be attenuated or may be amplified differently from the unpolarized noise. This difference changes the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the system output and results in performance degradation. Furthermore, since the state of polarization (SOP) of the transmitted light is randomly changed PDL and PDG may cause the system performance to fluctuate in time.
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