Likelihood of concurrent climate extremes and variations over China

Abstract

Extreme climate events such as droughts and heat waves exert strong impacts on ecosystems and human well-being. Estimations of the risks of climate extremes typically focus on one variable in isolation. In this study, we present a method to examine the likelihood of concurrent extreme temperature and precipitation modes at the interannual scale, including compound cool/dry and cool/wet events during the cold season as well as compound hot/dry and hot/wet events during the warm season. A comparison of changes in the likelihood of such joint climate extremes was then conducted between the first (1961–1987) and second (1988–2014) halves of the full observed records. Our findings indicate a decrease in the occurrence probability for most concurrent modes over much of China, despite positive shifts found over southwestern and northeastern parts of China for the compound hot/dry events in the warm season. We further examined changes in likelihood related to these four compound climate extremes between the historical observed period (1961–2014) and the future period (2021–2080) based on climate model simulations with the RCP8.5 scenario. Our results show widespread increases in the occurrence probability for wintertime cool/dry and summertime hot/dry and hot/wet events over most parts of China but with different magnitudes, while much of China may experience declining likelihood of the wintertime cool/wet extremes in the future.