Lignin-Biosynthetic Study: Reactivity of Quinone Methides in the Diastereopreferential Formation of p-Hydroxyphenyl- and Guaiacyl-Type β- O-4 Structures.

Abstract

p-Quinone methides are involved in lignin biosynthesis as transient intermediates, and the aromatization step has a great impact on the chemical structure of the resulting lignin. A series of quinone methides (QMs) were synthesized and allowed to react with water in pH 3-7 buffers at 25 °C to mimic the formation of p-hydroxyphenyl- and guaiacyl-type (H- and G-type, respectively) β- O-4 structures in gymnosperm-plant cell walls. Water addition occurred in 3-methoxy-substituted QMs (G-type QMs) with half-lives of 1.4-15 min. In contrast, nonsubstituted QMs (H-type QMs) were very labile; they were aromatized to β- O-4 products with half-lives of only 10-40 s. The rapid aromatization in H-type QMs may provide an advantage over G-type species for efficiently driving the lignin-polymerization cycle, which possibly contributes to the development of highly lignified compression wood. In the water-addition reaction, the threo isomers of the β- O-4 products were stereopreferentially formed more than the erythro isomers from both G- and H-type QMs ( erythro/ threo ratios of 24:76 and 50:50, respectively). The proportion of erythro isomers was higher at lower-pH conditions. This pH-dependent trend agrees with findings from a previous study on 3,5-dimethoxy-substituted (syringyl-type, S-type) QMs; thus, this pH-dependent trend is common in H-, G-, and S-type lignin-related QMs. Higher threo-selectivity was obtained by changing the β-etherified aromatic rings from G- to H-type. A similar but weaker effect was also observed by changing the QM moiety from G- to H-type.