Abstract
Porous carbon has been widely used for many applications e.g., adsorbents, catalysts, catalyst supports, energy storage and gas storage due to its outstanding properties. In this paper, characteristics of porous carbon prepared by carbonization of lignin from various biomasses are presented. Various biomasses, i.e., mangosteen peel, corncob and coconut shell, were processed using ethanol as an organosolv solvent. The obtained lignin was characterized using a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometer and a viscosimeter to investigate the success of extraction and lignin properties. The results showed that high temperature is favorable for the extraction of lignin using the organosolv process. The FTIR spectra show the success of lignin extraction using the organosolv process because of its similarity to the standard lignin spectra. The carbonization process of lignin was performed at 600 and 850 °C to produce carbon from lignin, as well as to investigate the effect of temperature. A higher pyrolysis temperature will produce a porous carbon with a high specific surface area, but it will lower the yield of the produced carbon. At 850 °C temperature, the highest surface area up to 974 m2/g was achieved.
Highlights
Porous carbon is a versatile material with wide applications, for example: in adsorption [1], separation [2], purification [3], gas storage [4], electrochemical storage [5] and catalysis [6] due to the advantageous properties of pore- and microstructures
When the temperature of the organosolv process was increased from 70 ◦ C to 150 ◦ C, the yield of extraction of mangosteen peel was higher (60.63%)
Increasing temperature can enhance the yield of lignin during organosolv extraction
Summary
Porous carbon is a versatile material with wide applications, for example: in adsorption [1], separation [2], purification [3], gas storage [4], electrochemical storage [5] and catalysis [6] due to the advantageous properties of pore- and microstructures. There are many precursors for porous carbon preparation, for instance: biomass (natural polymer), synthetic polymer and metal carbide. Porous carbons produced from these natural materials are very dependable concerning elemental composition of materials. These are controlled by e.g., plant age, location and management activities of a plantation. For a synthetic polymer we can adjust the pore structure and purity of materials during synthesis of the polymer [7]. Depending on the preparation method of the polymer, a hierarchical pore architecture and a monomodal pore structure (a narrow pore size distribution) can be obtained [8]. Metal carbide is new variety of carbon precursor from which high purity and a specific
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