Abstract
Lignin recovered from the hot-water extract of sugar maple (Acer saccharum) is used in this study to synthesize adhesive blends to replace phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin. Untreated lignin is characterized by lignin content and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis. The molecular weight distribution of the lignin and the blends are characterized by size exclusion chromatography (SEC). The effect of pH (0.3, 0.65 and 1), ex situ furfural, and curing conditions on the tensile properties of adhesive reinforced glass fibers is determined and compared to the reinforcement level of commercially available PF resin. The adhesive blend prepared at pH = 0.65 with no added furfural exhibits the highest tensile properties and meets 90% of the PF tensile strength.
Highlights
Wood adhesives are routinely used in wood products, such as particle boards, plywood, finger-jointing fields, cement mold boards, container boards and other applications in the wood-processing industry.Almost two-thirds of the wood industry currently employs phenol-formaldehyde (PF) as the commercial adhesive [1,2,3,4]
The lignin content of the lignin fraction recovered from the hot-water extract of sugar maple before (L)
Adhesive blends with sugar maple hot-water extracted lignin were synthesized as a potential replacement for PF resin
Summary
Wood adhesives are routinely used in wood products, such as particle boards, plywood, finger-jointing fields, cement mold boards, container boards and other applications in the wood-processing industry. Almost two-thirds of the wood industry currently employs phenol-formaldehyde (PF) as the commercial adhesive [1,2,3,4]. Despite the advantages of PF resins, the oil-dependent price of phenol prevents their application in other areas [5,9]. Phenol and formaldehyde are environmentally unfriendly and toxic substances [9], with LD50 values in rats of 317 mg/kg and 65 mg/kg, respectively. There is a need to develop a replacement that is expected to be environmentally friendly, safer for human use, economical (preferably independent of oil prices), and possess comparable mechanical properties to those of PF resin. An alternative that has been investigated in this study is a hot-water extracted lignin-based resin
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