Lignin-Derived Biomaterials for Drug Release and Tissue Engineering.

Markus Witzler,Abla Alzagameem,Birgit Kamm,Judith Kreyenschmidt,Stephanie E Klein,Edda Tobiasch,Michel Bergs,Basma El Khaldi-Hansen,Dorothee Hielscher,Margit Schulze

doi:10.3390/molecules23081885

Abstract

Renewable resources are gaining increasing interest as a source for environmentally benign biomaterials, such as drug encapsulation/release compounds, and scaffolds for tissue engineering in regenerative medicine. Being the second largest naturally abundant polymer, the interest in lignin valorization for biomedical utilization is rapidly growing. Depending on its resource and isolation procedure, lignin shows specific antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Today, efforts in research and industry are directed toward lignin utilization as a renewable macromolecular building block for the preparation of polymeric drug encapsulation and scaffold materials. Within the last five years, remarkable progress has been made in isolation, functionalization and modification of lignin and lignin-derived compounds. However, the literature so far mainly focuses lignin-derived fuels, lubricants and resins. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current state of the art and to highlight the most important results in the field of lignin-based materials for potential use in biomedicine (reported in 2014–2018). Special focus is placed on lignin-derived nanomaterials for drug encapsulation and release as well as lignin hybrid materials used as scaffolds for guided bone regeneration in stem cell-based therapies.

Highlights

Materials used in biomedicine, such as polymers for drug encapsulation and tissue engineering scaffolds, are preferably produced from natural compounds, such as collagen-based composites for bone repair or alginates for controlled drug delivery
Avermectine in emulsion before droplet coating reaction release of 85% of Avermectine into 4:1 ethanol:water after 72 h; lignin-polyurea coatings were more porous than pure polyuria layers, which showed a more sustained release; UV protection of lignin coatings was good (>75% preserved after 120 h irradiation 30 W, 310 nm) drug release lignin droplets in W/O
Advanced biomaterials are required for stem cell-based approaches in tissue engineering

Summary

Introduction

Materials used in biomedicine, such as polymers for drug encapsulation and tissue engineering scaffolds, are preferably produced from natural compounds, such as collagen-based composites for bone repair or alginates for controlled drug delivery. Numerous biopolymers have been studied in detail regarding their suitability for release materials and/or scaffold applications. Most of these materials are designed using polysaccharides, lipids and proteins [1,2,3]. Due to the development of biorefinery concepts for biomass treatment, starting about ten years ago, lignins have gained increasing interest in academic and industrial research. Lignocelluloserich feedstocks (LCF) are described for energetic and material exploitation as outlined in Figure 1 [4].

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Conclusion