Abstract
In this chapter, a review of the main approximate expressions available in literature to evaluate lightning electromagnetic fields that propagate over and under a lossy ground is presented together with their validation against exact expressions or full Maxwell approaches.First the case of homogeneous ground is analyzed presenting the two main approximate expressions for the horizontal electric field above the ground (Cooray Rubinstein formula, Section 7.1) and below the ground (Cooray's formula, Section 7.2).Then, the most popular expressions for electromagnetic fields propagating over a horizontally (Section 7.3) and vertically (Section 7.4) stratified ground are reported and validated.
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