Light Therapy for Myopia Prevention and Control: A Systematic Review on Effectiveness, Safety, and Implementation.

Abstract

This systematic review focuses on the effectiveness, safety, and implementation outcomes of light therapy as an intervention to prevent or control myopia in children. A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, SCOPUS, and Web of Science up to January 27, 2024. Effectiveness outcomes included myopia incidence, and changes in axial length (AL), spherical equivalent refraction (SER), and choroidal thickness (CT). Safety outcomes relating to retinal health or damage and implementation outcomes including compliance rates and loss to follow-up were extracted. ROBINS-I, ROB 2, and ROB-2 CRT were used to assess risk of bias. Nineteen interventional studies were included. Increased outdoor time (n = 3), red-light therapy (n = 13), and increased classroom lighting (n = 1) had a significant effect on myopia incidence, and changes in AL, SER, and CT. Violet-light therapy (n = 2) was only effective in children aged 8 to 10 years and children without eyeglasses with less than 180minutes of near-work time daily. Two studies using red-light therapy reported adverse effects. For all studies, only compliance rates and loss to follow-up were reported on implementation effectiveness. Evidence is compelling for the effectiveness of red-light therapy and outdoors time; more data are needed to confirm safety. Robust data are still needed to prove the effectiveness of violet-light and increased classroom lighting. Clearer implementation strategies are needed for all light therapies. Light therapy has emerged as effective for myopia prevention and control. This systematic review summarizes the state of knowledge and highlights gaps in safety and implementation for these strategies.