Light intensity and spectral distribution affect chytrid infection of cyanobacteria via modulation of host fitness.

Yile Tao,Justyna Wolinska,Franz Hölker,Ramsy Agha

doi:10.1017/s0031182020000931

Yile Tao, Justyna Wolinska + Show 2 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.1017/s0031182020000931

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Abstract

Light gradients are an inherent feature in aquatic ecosystems and play a key role in shaping the biology of phytoplankton. Parasitism by chytrid fungi is gaining increasing attention as a major control agent of phytoplankton due to its previously overlooked ubiquity, and profound ecological and evolutionary consequences. Despite this interest, if and how light conditions modulate phytoplankton chytridiomycosis remains poorly studied. We investigated life-history traits of a chytrid parasite, Rhizophydium megarrhizum, under different light intensities and spectral compositions when infecting two closely related planktonic cyanobacteria with different light-harvesting strategies: Planktothrix rubescens and P. agardhii. In general, parasite transmission was highest under light conditions (both intensity and quality) that maximized growth rates for uninfected cyanobacteria. Chytrid encystment on hosts was significantly affected by light intensity and host strain identity. This likely resulted from higher irradiances stimulating the increased discharge of photosynthetic by-products, which drive parasite chemotaxis, and from strain-specific differences at the cell-surface. Comparisons of parasite transmission and host growth rates under different light conditions suggest the potential for epidemic development at higher irradiances, whereas host and parasite could coexist without epidemic outbreaks at lower light levels. These results illustrate the close relationship between parasite transmission and host fitness, which is ultimately modulated by the external environment.

Highlights

The development and dynamics of disease are modulated by interdependency between the host, the parasite, and their environment
We evaluated the ability of a chytrid parasite to infect two cyanobacterial species of the filamentous genus Planktothrix under different light conditions
Light intensity explained most of the variation in parasite transmission, intensity of infection, and sporangia size (96%, 91%, 80% of the variance explained, respectively; Table 1)

Summary

Introduction

The development and dynamics of disease are modulated by interdependency between the host, the parasite, and their environment. Chytrids, i.e. fungi belonging to the phylum Chytridiomycota, display parasitic lifestyles and lethally infect cyanobacteria, diatoms, and other major phytoplankton groups (Frenken et al, 2017). Due to their inconspicuous morphology and difficulties in identification, chytrids have largely been neglected if not fully overlooked. Chytrid parasites are increasingly considered to play important roles in the ecosystem Besides their most evident effect on host abundances, succession patterns, and bloom formation, they exert a strong selective pressure on phytoplankton that promotes genetic diversity in host populations (De Bruin et al, 2008; Gsell et al, 2013a; Agha et al, 2018b). Chytrid zoospores are effectively grazed by zooplankton consumers

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