Abstract
Reducing Fresnel reflection and enlarging light-escape cones are instrumental in enhancing light-extraction efficiency of top-emitting organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). The periodic sphere arrays designed on top of the OLED serve as intermediate media to enlarge the light-escape cone as well as to reduce reflection at the interface. Both the evanescent waves and propagation waves were coupled into spheres with suitable refractive index. The coupled light waves circled around the sphere cavity and, by tuning the diameter of the sphere, they returned to the same point after one round trip, which led to the constructive interference and the light intensity was significantly enhanced. The light waves inside the spheres slowly leaked out due to the curved interface, which resulted in the enhancement in light-extraction efficiency. Both maximizing in-coupling efficiency and increasing the amount of light extracted from the spheres are key to improving light extraction, which was achieved by choosing the spheres with suitable refractive index and diameter. Significant enhancement in light extraction was observed by designing hexagonal close-packed spheres on top of the OLED.
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