Light Exposure Among Adolescents With Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder: A Prospective Cohort Study

Abstract

The objective of this study was to compare light exposure and sleep parameters between adolescents with delayed sleep phase disorder (DSPD; n = 16, 15.3 ± 1.8 yrs) and unaffected controls (n = 22, 13.7 ± 2.4 yrs) using a prospective cohort design. Participants wore wrist actigraphs with photosensors for 14 days. Mean hourly lux levels from 20:00 to 05:00 h and 05:00 to 14:00 h were examined, in addition to the 9-h intervals prior to sleep onset and after sleep offset. Sleep parameters were compared separately, and were also included as covariates within models that analyzed associations with specified light intervals. Additional covariates included group and school night status. Adolescent delayed sleep phase subjects received more evening (p < .02, 22:00–02:00 h) and less morning (p < .05, 08:00–09:00 h and 10:00–12:00 h) light than controls, but had less pre-sleep exposure with adjustments for the time of sleep onset (p < .03, 5–7 h prior to onset hour). No differences were identified with respect to the sleep offset interval. Increased total sleep time and later sleep offset times were associated with decreased evening (p < .001 and p = .02, respectively) and morning (p = .01 and p < .001, respectively) light exposure, and later sleep onset times were associated with increased evening exposure (p < .001). Increased total sleep time also correlated with increased exposure during the 9 h before sleep onset (p = .01), and a later sleep onset time corresponded with decreased light exposure during the same interval (p < .001). Outcomes persisted regardless of school night status. In conclusion, light exposure interpretation requires adjustments for sleep timing among adolescents with DSPD. Pre- and post-sleep light exposures do not appear to contribute directly to phase delays. Sensitivity to morning light may be reduced among adolescents with DSPD. (Author correspondence: auger.raymond1@mayo.edu)