Abstract
<p indent="0mm">NADPH oxidases (NOX) expressed in multiple cell types after activation produce superoxide or hydrogen peroxide to modulate several physiological and pathophysiological processes. The ultraviolet A (UVA) band in solar irradiation activates NOX1 in skin keratinocytes and NOX2 in mast cells. Whereas NOX1 and NOX2 are oligomeric, NOX5 is monomeric, and DUOX2 is dimeric. NOX5, like all other NOX isozymes, contains chromophores heme, NADPH, and FAD. Both NADPH and FAD are endogenous photosensitizers, which undergo type II photodynamic action to produce singlet oxygen after absorption of UVA irradiation. In this review, we propose that UVA irradiation activates all NOX isoforms leading to their irreversible activation. Type II photodynamic action of endogenous chromophores/photosensitizers plays a critical role in such UVA light-driven NOX activation.
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