Abstract

A general approach for targeted gene modification with precise external control and high spatial and temporal resolution will greatly advance investigations in genetics, gene therapy, and developmental biology. However, traditional methods such as homologous recombination[1] and nonhomologous end joining[2] for the introduction and deletion of genomic DNA sequences usually display very low efficiency in vivo, thus limiting their applicability. Recently, the efficiency of these processes has been greatly improved by the ability to site-specifically introduce doublestrand breaks (DSBs) into genomic DNA.[3,4] A family of artificial restriction enzymes, namely zinc-finger nucleases (ZFN), has been developed to sequence-selectively achieve dsDNA scission. ZFNs have since emerged as important and widely recognized tools for the genetic modification of cells, model organisms, and possibly humans to investigate gene function and to treat genetic disorders.[5–9]

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