Ligamental increments of the mid-Holocene Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas are reliable independent proxies for seasonality in the western Bohai Sea, China

Abstract

Modern living and mid-Holocene shells of Crassostrea gigas from the western Bohai Sea in China were subjected to sclerochronological analysis with the aim of determining whether their concave bottoms and growth breaks on resilifer surfaces, as well as corresponding translucent growth bands visible in cross-section, have seasonal significance. An additional aim was to obtain ontogenetic information from mid-Holocene fossil shells. We compared δ18O and δ13C profiles compiled with high and low sampling resolution for the same shell in order to test the consistency of the results and identify a suitable sampling strategy for future sclerochronological studies. The results show that concave bottoms on the resilifer surface and corresponding translucent growth bands in cross-section formed during the cold season. These features are appropriate indicators of annual growth increments in fossil C. gigas shells. Moreover, growth breaks located near convex tops indicate annual growth increments for that part of the shell which grew when the organism was sexually mature. Therefore, spawning-related growth breaks and alternating winter freeze shocks (concave bottoms) are excellent morphological features in determining annual growth increments. Consequently, the life span, growth rate, and timing of spawning and death can be determined from the increments of ligament growth of these fossil oyster shells. For future sclerochronological studies, an adaptive micro-sampling strategy could be used for different increments of ligament growth that represent different seasons. Such a strategy would be more efficient in providing reliable insights into growth history of shells with variable growth rates of annual increments.