Abstract
Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESSs) are a new asset for Primary Frequency Regulation (PFR), an ancillary service for improving the grid stability. The system operators determine the implementation and remuneration of PFR. However, assessing the revenue stream is not enough to define the business case, as also the components' lifetime has to be estimated. Previous studies of lifetime estimation for BESSs performing PFR considered only the electrochemical storage, disregarding the power electronics (PE). Nonetheless, researchers have shown the importance of estimating PE wear due to the operation when applied in renewable energy generation and microgrids. This paper presents a lifetime analysis of BESSs providing PFR considering IGBT modules, electrolytic capacitors and electrochemical storage degradation. The lifetime information is used to estimate BESS's Net-Present-Value (NPV), evaluating the benefits of deploying PE-based BESS in the European grid. A comparison between different countries, Germany, the Netherlands, and the U.K., is performed, considering the PFR implementation and remuneration differences. The analysis shows that the BESS management strategy can extend its lifetime and that the component that exhibits the shortest lifetime is the electrochemical storage. The PE components are subject to low wear due to the low power utilization and, therefore, small thermal swings while performing PFR. In conclusion, the provision of PFR by means of BESS has been found to be profitable in all three countries. However, in the Netherlands, the potential NPV has been estimated to be 47% and 76% higher than in Germany and the U.K., respectively.
Highlights
The rising of renewable energy-based generation plants is shifting the electrical energy production from large synchronous generators to Power Electronics (PE) interfaced distributed plants
The design specifications and the components selected, according to the procedure described in the following, are summarized in Table I, where Sn stands for the rated Voltage Source Converter (VSC) power, Vdc and Vac,ll for DC link and AC line-to-line voltages and fs for the VSC’s operating switching frequency
This paper has analyzed the provision of Primary Frequency Regulation (PFR) through Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESSs) in three case scenarios reflecting the technical and economic regulation of Germany, the U.K., and the Netherlands
Summary
The rising of renewable energy-based generation plants is shifting the electrical energy production from large synchronous generators to Power Electronics (PE) interfaced distributed plants. The degradation of IGBTs and electrolytic capacitors is mainly driven by the thermal stress to which they are subjected [28], [29], the electrochemical storage’s degradation, instead, is mostly driven by its cycling pattern [26], [27] In this respect, the lifetime of the battery cells providing PFR has been already investigated [15], in these studies the power electronic components have not been considered. The lifetime information derived from analyzing electrochemical storage and PE wear is used to estimate BESS’s NetPresent-Value (NPV) This allows evaluating the economic benefits of deploying PE-based BESS to provide ancillary services to the grid. This paper highlights how BESSs’ lifetime and business case are influenced by the existing differences between the countries where the technology is applied
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More From: IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society
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