Lifetime Carcinogenic Risk Proportions from Inhalation Exposures in Industrial and Non-Industrial Regions.

Radim J Šrám,Andrea Dalecká,Tomáš Janoš,Vítězslav Jiřík,Adéla Vrtková,Pavlína Guňková,Markéta Stanovská,Ladislav Tomášek,Ivana Fojtíková

doi:10.3390/ijerph182413295

Abstract

The aim of this work was to estimate the share of selected significant risk factors for respiratory cancer in the overall incidence of this disease and their comparison in two environmentally different burdened regions. A combination of a longitudinal cross-sectional population study with a US EPA health risk assessment methodology was used. The result of this procedure is the expression of lifelong carcinogenic risks and their contribution in the overall incidence of the disease. Compared to exposures to benzo[a]pyrene in the air and fibrogenic dust in the working air, several orders of magnitude higher share of the total incidence of respiratory cancer was found in radon exposures, for women 60% in the industrial area, respectively 100% in the non-industrial area, for men 24%, respectively 15%. The share of risks in workers exposed to fibrogenic dust was found to be 0.35% in the industrial area. For benzo[a]pyrene, the share of risks was below 1% and the share of other risk factors was in the monitored areas was up to 85%. The most significant share in the development of respiratory cancer in both monitored areas is represented by radon for women and other risk factors for men.

Highlights

Cancer of respiratory tract is the world’s most common cause of death among all cancer diseases [1]
The respirable fraction of particulate matter PM 2.5, which are emitted from various natural and anthropogenic sources is most associated with premature mortality of LBC [5,6], the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which are linked to PM 2.5, and other genotoxic substances increased carcinogenic potential of inhaled air pollution, where the significant part is probably caused by the proven human carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene [7], whose inhalation exposure is associated with LBC and with upper respiratory tract cancer and esophageal cancer [8]
The absolute (100%) share of radon risk in the total incidence of LBC in women living in environmentally friendly areas seems to be overestimated, because there are credible data on a significant share of women smokers in the Czech population, which should be reflected on the occurrence of LBC

Summary

Introduction

Cancer of respiratory tract (trachea, bronchus, and lung cancer–further stated LBC) is the world’s most common cause of death among all cancer diseases [1]. Outdoor and indoor air pollution concentrations differ significantly across different parts of the world and across the Czech Republic (CR) [4]. The respirable fraction of particulate matter PM 2.5, which are emitted from various natural and anthropogenic sources is most associated with premature mortality of LBC [5,6], the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which are linked to PM 2.5, and other genotoxic substances increased carcinogenic potential of inhaled air pollution, where the significant part is probably caused by the proven human carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene [7], whose inhalation exposure is associated with LBC and with upper respiratory tract cancer and esophageal cancer [8]. Radon is found in all buildings in various quantities and the specific

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