Abstract
Non-communicable diseases including type 2 diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, hepatic steatosis, and cancer are more prevalent in minority groups including Hispanics when compared to Non-Hispanic Whites, leading to the well-recognized terminology of health disparities. Although lifestyle factors including inadequate dietary habits, decreased physical activity, and more prominently, an unhealthy body weight, may be partly responsible for this disproportion in chronic diseases, genetic variations also make a substantial contribution to this problem. In this review, the well-recognized obesity problem in Hispanics that has been associated with chronic disease is examined as well as the influence of diet on promoting an inflammatory environment leading to increased cardiometabolic risk, insulin resistance, fatty liver disease, and cancer. In addition, some of the more studied genetic variations in Hispanics and their association with chronic disease is reviewed.
Highlights
The main focus on the definition of health disparities varies in different countries [1].For example, the definition in the United Kingdom is occupational level, while it is education in other European countries and race/ethnicity in the United States (US)
The Hispanic/Latino population has a prominent role in the presence of health disparities in the US due to the preponderance of chronic diseases including type 2 diabetes [3], non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) [4], dyslipidemias associated with cardiometabolic risk [5], cancer [6], as well as a more severe
Overweight subjects have two times the risk of NAFLD compared to lean subjects [27], and when obesity is present, one out of three patients will develop non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis (NASH), which is a condition that progresses to hepatic cirrhosis and cancer [28]
Summary
The main focus on the definition of health disparities varies in different countries [1]. The Hispanic/Latino population (referred to as Hispanic hereafter) has a prominent role in the presence of health disparities in the US due to the preponderance of chronic diseases including type 2 diabetes [3], non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) [4], dyslipidemias associated with cardiometabolic risk [5], cancer [6], as well as a more severe. Gene in the obesity, diet (center of the figure) and most common disparities variants,Hispanic obesity, and diet (center of the figure) and the most common health disparities in the population: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), type 2 diabetes (T2D), cardiovascular. Hispanicdiseases population: non-alcoholic (CVD), and cancer.fatty liver disease (NAFLD), type 2 diabetes (T2D), cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and cancer
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