Abstract
The term sarcopenia describes the loss of skeletal muscle mass, strength, and function in old age. As the world population continues to grow older, more attention is given to the phenomena of sarcopenia and the search for strategies of prevention and treatment. The progression of sarcopenia is affected by age-related physiological and systemic changes in the body, including alterations in skeletal muscle tissue, hormonal changes, increased inflammatory activities, and oxidative stress. Sarcopenia progression is also affected by lifestyle factors which are far more controllable. These factors include various aspects of nutrition, physical activity, exercise, alcohol intake, and tobacco use. Raising the public awareness regarding the impact of these factors, as causes of sarcopenia and potential strategies of prevention and treatment, is of great importance. In this review we aim to describe various lifestyle factors that affect the etiology, prevention, and treatment of sarcopenia.
Highlights
IntroductionThe term sarcopenia (in Greek, sarx for flesh and penia for loss), first proposed by Irwin Rosenberg, describes the age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength.[1]
The term sarcopenia, first proposed by Irwin Rosenberg, describes the age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength.[1]
The EWGSOP suggested the following categories to reflect the severity of sarcopenia: Presarcopenia, characterized by low muscle mass with no impact on muscle function; Sarcopenia, characterized by low muscle mass plus low muscle strength or low physical performance; and Severe sarcopenia, characterized by low muscle mass plus low muscle strength and low physical performance.[2]
Summary
The term sarcopenia (in Greek, sarx for flesh and penia for loss), first proposed by Irwin Rosenberg, describes the age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength.[1]. Recommended measurement techniques include dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan for muscle mass, isometric hand grip test for muscle strength, and gait speed test for physical performance.[2]
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