Abstract
Low serum apolipoprotein (Apo) A1 concentrations and high serum ApoB concentrations may be better markers of the risk of cardiovascular disease than high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL). However, the associations between modifiable lifestyle factors and Apo concentrations have not been investigated in detail. Therefore, this study investigated the associations between Apo concentrations and education, lifestyle factors and dietary intake (macronutrients and 34 food groups). These cross-sectional associations were examined among 24,984 individuals in a Swedish population-based cohort. Baseline examinations of the cohort were conducted between 1991 and 1996. Dietary intake was assessed using a modified diet history method. The main determinants of high ApoA1 concentrations (r between 0.05 and 0.25) were high alcohol consumption, high physical activity, non-smoking, and a low body mass index (BMI), and the main determinants of high ApoB concentrations were smoking and a high BMI. The intake of sucrose and food products containing added sugar (such as pastries, sweets, chocolate, jam/sugar and sugar-sweetened beverages) was negatively correlated with ApoA1 concentrations and positively correlated with ApoB concentrations and the ApoB/ApoA1 ratio, whereas the intake of fermented dairy products, such as fermented milk and cheese, was positively correlated with ApoA1 concentrations and negatively correlated with the ApoB/ApoA1 ratio. These results indicate that smoking, obesity, low physical activity, low alcohol consumption and a diet high in sugar and low in fermented dairy products are correlated with an unfavorable Apo profile.
Highlights
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) comprise a group of diseases targeting the circulatory system and are considered the most frequent cause of death in the Western world [1]
Lipoproteins are the primary transporters of lipids in the body, and the following five different types of lipoproteins are present in the system: very low, low, intermediateand high-density lipoproteins (VLDL, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), IDL, HDL, respectively) and chylomicrons
We examined the correlations between lifestyle and dietary factors and HDL-C concentrations, LDL-C concentrations and the LDL-C/HDL-C ratio in the subsample (n = 4653) of individuals with measurements of those markers (Table S4)
Summary
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) comprise a group of diseases targeting the circulatory system and are considered the most frequent cause of death in the Western world [1]. Lipoproteins are the primary transporters of lipids (i.e., cholesterol and free fatty acids) in the body, and the following five different types of lipoproteins are present in the system: very low-, low-, intermediateand high-density lipoproteins (VLDL, LDL, IDL, HDL, respectively) and chylomicrons. High LDL concentrations, low HDL concentrations, and in particular, a low HDL/LDL ratio, are established markers of the risk of CVD, especially coronary artery disease. The surface of the lipoprotein is equipped with apolipoproteins (Apo), which both guide lipid transportation and interact with specific receptors to facilitate the uptake and deposition of lipids into tissue; they play a central role in cholesterol metabolism [4,5]. ApoA1 represents the major HDL Apo and is the main acceptor of cholesterol when HDL transports cholesterol from the tissues to the liver to be excreted from the body. ApoB, a common denominator for the two forms of ApoB, i.e., ApoB48 , the truncated form of
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