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Abstract
Motivated by the desire to understand the impact of water supply systems on the environment, a life cycle-based hybrid methodology is used to assess the performance of two conservation scenarios, water efficiency, and rainwater harvesting, relative to the base case. The analysis carried out for the City of Toronto's residential sector estimates the operational energy use and GHG emissions, and the embodied burdens associated with water-efficient devices and rainwater tanks. Hydraulic simulations, performed on a hypothetical network to expose the impact of demand peak factor on pressure distribution at nodes, revealed some of the rainwater scenario strengths such as hydraulic stress curtailment and capital investment postponement. While both strategies led to significant water savings, the associated energy expenditures and emissions varied with the selection of system boundaries. Nevertheless, both conservation strategies are worthwhile pursuing for rendering the existing water systems more sustainable. DOI: 10.1061/ASCE1076-0342201016:140 CE Database subject headings: Water distribution systems; Energy consumption; Emissions; Life cycles; Conservation; Residential location. Author keywords: Water supply systems; Demand management; Rainwater harvesting; Energy use; GHG emissions; Life-cycle approach.
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