Abstract
Singapore is a diamond-shaped island with several surrounding smaller islets. It has a flat coastline with a land area of 710 km2 in 2009. With a highly urbanized city and limited land space, Singapore has been faced with problems of road congestion and rapid growth in car population. Electric vehicles (EVs) provide low emission urban transportation. Even taking into account the emissions from power plants needed to fuel EVs, the use of EVs still reduce carbon dioxide emissions significantly. From the energy aspect, EVs are efficient. EVs are promising alternative fuel vehicles that can reduce energy consumptions and carbon dioxide emissions in Singapore. A life cycle cost model was built to calculate life cycle costs of EVs and internal combustion engine cars in Singapore. It was found that EV is the most expensive car under current Green Vehicle Rebate scheme. The EV will be economically viable in Singapore if there is a breakthrough at batteries to cut EV prices.
Highlights
Singapore is a diamond-shaped island with several surrounding smaller islets
This paper aims to discuss life cycle cost (LCC) of Electric vehicles (EVs) and internal combustion engine (ICE) car in Singapore
Petrol-electric, compressed natural gas (CNG) or petrol-CNG propellant registered between 1 October 2006 and 31 December 2011 are eligible for additional registration fee (ARF) rebate of 40% of open market value (OMV) under the green vehicle rebate (GVR) scheme
Summary
Singapore is a diamond-shaped island with several surrounding smaller islets. It has a flat coastline with a land area of 710 km (2009). Transport solutions can play a critical role in improving Singapore’s state of energy efficiency. To improve energy efficiency on the move, Singapore government promotes the use of public transport, promote the use of more energy efficiency vehicles and ease traffic congestion for better fuel economy. EVs are promising alternative fuel vehicles that can reduce energy consumptions and CO2 emissions. A life cycle cost (LCC) model has been developed to calculate upfront, operation and external costs of EVs and comparable ICE cars in Singapore’s context. This paper aims to discuss LCCs of EV and ICE car in Singapore. Viability of EVs will be assessed by comparing LCCs of Mitsubishi i-MiEV and four comparable ICE and hybrid cars
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