Life cycle assessment (LCA) of biodegradable linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) manufactured in India

Abstract

The global plastic crisis requires urgent attention, as highlighted by a comprehensive review of LCA studies on plastics. Mismanagement of plastic waste has worsened this crisis, affecting all life forms and contaminating natural resources. Plastic production leads to Green House Gas (GHG) emissions. Plastic consumption has resulted in pollution across land, water, and even the air, with microplastics entering the human posing health risks like cancer and allergies. The article stresses the importance of LLDPE and explores the potential of bioplastics. Identifying research gaps led to the initiation of an innovative cradle-to-grave LCA investigation. NICHEM Solutions pioneered a three-stage process to manufacture three products: 1) a novel additive, 2) biodegradable LLDPE granules from the additive, and 3) biodegradable LLDPE film from these granules. Utilizing GaBi software and adhering to ISO 14040 guidelines, this study assessed the environmental and health impacts associated with all three products. Additive production had the highest environmental impact, followed by granule and film formation. Material production led to the overall environmental footprint, with LLDPE film production exhibiting notable effects. Transportation impacts were minimal but presented opportunities for optimization. Results revealed significant marine aquatic impacts across various processes, with global warming and human toxicity also identified as concerns. The study also evaluated alternative energy sources, finding natural gas to be the most favorable overall, followed by solar energy and biogas. Conversely, coal and grid-based electricity usage had the most detrimental effects on global warming and marine aquatic impact. Disposal methods such as landfilling and incineration were shown to exacerbate environmental impacts across multiple categories.