Abstract
We employ laser induced fluorescence (LIF) spectroscopy to discriminate between normal and cancerous human breast (in-vitro) tissues. LIF signals are usually enhanced by the exogenous agents such as Rhodamine 6G (Rd6G) and Coumarin 7 (C7). Although we observe fluorescence emissions in both fluorophores, Rd6G-stained tissues give notable spectral red shift in practice. The latter is a function of dye concentration embedded in tissues. We find that such red shifts have a strong dependence on the dye concentration in bare, in stained healthy, and in malignant breast tissues, signifying variations in tubular abundances. In fact, the heterogeneity of cancerous tissues is more prominent mainly due to their notable tubular densities- which can provide numerous micro-cavities to house more dye molecules. We show that this can be used to discriminate between the healthy and unhealthy specimens in different biological scaffolds of ordered (healthy) and disordered (cancerous) tissues. It is demonstrated that the quenching process of fluorophore' molecules slows down in the neoplastic tumors according to the micro-partitioning, too.
Highlights
Invasive breast cancer is the most common carcinoma that affects more than ten percent of American female population [1]
The systematic experiments on the and tissues were carried out based on laser induced fluorescence (LIF) spectroscopy using the well–known Coumarin 7 (C7) and Rhodamine 6G (Rd6G) fluorophores
The experiments are divided into two categories: (i) LIF spectra taken from the bare fluorophore solutions, (ii) LIF emissions of the stained tissues
Summary
Invasive breast cancer is the most common carcinoma that affects more than ten percent of American female population [1]. There are two main categories of breast malignancies: invasive and noninvasive cancers. The latter includes the ductal and lobular carcinoma in situ, and the former has three types; invasive ductal (ID) which is the most common type of invasive breast cancer representing 50% to 80% of all breast carcinomas, invasive lobular (IL), and inflammatory carcinomas [2]. Some specific information is sought by the pathologist to determine the grade of neoplastic tumors. These include the degree of gland formation, the nuclear features, and the mitotic activity [3]
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