Abstract
Abstract. Typically, in situations where Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals are unavailable, navigation systems rely on integrating GNSS and inertial navigation system (INS) data. While such integration can provide accurate positioning during short GNSS signal outages, it cannot sustain prolonged GNSS outages. The reason for this is that the system's performance depends solely on the INS and can result in significant errors over time. To address this issue, additional onboard sensors are necessary. This study proposes a navigation system that integrates INS and LiDAR simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) using an extended Kalman filter (EKF). The system was tested using the raw KITTI dataset in various outdoor driving scenarios without GNSS signals. It is shown that the proposed system significantly outperformed the INS-only system, with an average RMSE improvement of around 93% and 58% in the horizontal and the up directions, respectively.
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