Abstract
In this paper, we present the first indoor light-based detection and localization system that builds on concepts from radio detection and ranging (radar) making use of the expected growth in the use and adoption of visible light communication (VLC), which can provide the infrastructure for our Light Detection and Localization (LiDAL) system. Our system enables active detection, counting, and localization of people, in addition to being fully compatible with the existing VLC systems. In order to detect human (targets), LiDAL uses the visible light spectrum. It sends pulses using a VLC transmitter and analyses the reflected signal collected by a photodetector receiver. Although we examine the use of the visible spectrum here, LiDAL can be used in the infrared spectrum and other parts of the light spectrum. We introduce LiDAL with different transmitter-receiver configurations and optimum and sub-optimum detectors considering the fluctuation of the received reflected signal from the target in the presence of Gaussian noise. We design an efficient multiple input multiple output (MIMO) LiDAL system with a wide field of view (FOV) single photodetector receiver, and also design a multiple input single output (MISO) LiDAL system with an imaging receiver to eliminate the ambiguity in target detection and localization. We develop models for the human body and its reflections and consider the impact of the color and texture of the cloth used as well as the impact of target mobility. A number of detection and localization methods are developed for our LiDAL system, including cross correlation and a background subtraction method. These methods are considered to distinguish a mobile target from the ambient reflections due to background obstacles (furniture) in a realistic indoor environment.
Highlights
Visible Light Communication (VLC) systems are used to provide illumination and data communications
This probability of miss-detecting a target located at RFMOaVx of multiple input multiple output (MIMO)-Light Detection and Localization (LiDAL) (PRMFMDOa(VxMIMO) ) can be derived as (87), as shown at the bottom of the page, where erf (·) is the error function and Kn is the number of neighbor transceiver units
Localization is achieved in this case using one time frame; (iii) interference minimization, which can lead to improvement in the performance of the distinguishing methods such as the BACKGROUND SUBTRACTION METHOD (BSM) method; (iv) LiDAL channel bandwidth enhancement due to the narrow field of view (FOV) of the pixels which reduces the complexity of the optimum receiver without implementing an equalizer to tackle the channel dispersion; (v) simplified system design where the localization accuracy / resolution is no longer a function of the pulse width
Summary
Visible Light Communication (VLC) systems are used to provide illumination and data communications. We introduce for the first time indoor lightbased detection, counting and localization of people based on the use of radar-like reflections. This can significantly expand the utility of indoor VLC systems. To the authors’ best knowledge, the proposed system is the first to employ an indoor optical radar for people detection and localization It uses the visible light spectrum associated with VLC systems, and can potentially use other parts of the light spectrum. The contributions of this work can be summarized as follows: 1) We proposed for the first time an indoor (visible) light pulsed radar-like system which utilises the VLC system transmitters to detect, count and localize multiple targets.
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