Abstract
Bacterial pathogens produced resistance against the existing antimicrobial applications. Scientist trending towards the potent novel eco-friendly and cost effective antimicrobial approaches and fabricating bio-based nano-particles. In this regard, several bio-materials have been investigated, such as, bacteria, fungi, algae, lichens and green plants. Lichens are introduced as an emerging source to synthesis bio-based nano-particles. The lichen-based metal nano-materials, especially fabricated by applying green chemistry strategies, have resulted significant alternates to traditional antimicrobial applications. Several studies break out and revealed that lichen-based nano-particle showed strong antimicrobial efficacy, as the lichens are biologically compatible. Current review summarizes an overview of lichen-based nano-materials, their fabrication, their applications, and their molecular action mechanism. As it emerged a broad spectrum antimicrobial agent for pharmaceutical and agricultural applications.
Highlights
Antibiotic resistance is an ecosystem issue that threatens the health of humans, animals and the environment within the unified framework of “One Health”
Lichens are introduced as an emerging source to synthesis bio-based nano-particles
NP-Ag produced by four lichens, flounder (Parmeliopsis ambigua), fleshy dots (Punctelia subrudecta), medium-sized Evernia (Evernia mesomorpha) and Xanthoparmelia plitti was tested against various grampositive bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaricus, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Bacillus subtilis and against several gram-negative too [9]
Summary
Antibiotic resistance is an ecosystem issue that threatens the health of humans, animals and the environment within the unified framework of “One Health”. Parmotrema pseudotinctorum and Ramalina hossei were used in combination of two kinds of extracts to synthesize the AgNPs against several grampositive and gram-negative bacteria that caused food poisoning [7]. The four gram-positive pathogens (Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) and four Gramnegative strains (Salmonella typhi, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Serratia marcescens) were inhibited by using Ag-NP synthesized from water extract of Ramalina dumeticola [8]. NP-Ag produced by four lichens, flounder (Parmeliopsis ambigua), fleshy dots (Punctelia subrudecta), medium-sized Evernia (Evernia mesomorpha) and Xanthoparmelia plitti was tested against various grampositive bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaricus, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Bacillus subtilis and against several gram-negative too [9]. This article focuses on the usefulness of lichen as a biological laboratory for the sustainable production of antibacterial metal nano-particles
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