Abstract
ABSTRACTThe distribution of lianas (woody climbing plants) on trees in a lowland “liana forest” of northeastern Bolivia was clumped and varied with characteristics of individual trees and tree neighbors. In twenty‐four 900‐m2 square plots established to estimate tree (a 10 cm DBH [diameter at breast height]) and liana (≥2 cm DBH) densities and to count the number of lianas a tree carried, we estimated a mean of 65 tree species and 51 liana species per hectare. Mean tree density at the study site (564 trees/ha, SE = 23.7) was similar to other tropical sites, but mean liana density was much higher (2471 lianas/ha, SE = 104.3). Basal area of trees ≥10 cm DBH was low in Oquiriquia (19.2 m2/ha) in comparison to other tropical forests. Liana diversity, as expressed by the ratio of liana/tree species, was higher in this forest than in any other so far reported. Of trees ≥10 cm DBH, 86 percent carried lianas. Four tree species (Astrocaryum aculeatum, Euterpe precatoria, Xylopia sericea, and Astronium fraxinifolium) had a lower proportion of liana‐infested individuals than expected based on the mean percent of liana infestation in this forest. Forest plots with similar tree species composition did not have similar liana composition or liana loads per tree, which suggests that lianas and trees have no specific associations with each other. Lianas showed an aggregated distribution on trees, suggesting a facilitation process in which new lianas use already established ones to climb trees. Lianas of four different climbing mechanisms climbed a similar number of trees. Plots in the forest with high palm density also had high liana density, suggesting that palms and lianas respond positively to common forest conditions in the study site (perhaps related to successional forest status). Larger‐diameter trees carried more lianas than slender trees, but this relationship was affected by the density of trees 10–30 cm DBH surrounding each tree, which suggests again that the successional stage of the forest in which a tree grows affects the number of lianas a tree carries. We found little evidence to support the idea that lianas were more likely to climb some tree species than others. Instead, larger trees and trees growing in the vicinity of trees 10–30 cm DBH, tended to have more lianas, perhaps as result of longer exposure to liana infestation.RESUMESLa distributión de lianas (bejucos leñosos) en los árboles de un “bosque de lianas” en el noreste de Bolivia fué agregada y varió de acuerdo a características individuates y del vecindario en que crecía cada árbol. En veinticuatro parcelas cuadradas de 900 m2 establecidas para estimar las densidades de árboles (≥ 10 cm DAP) y lianas (≥2 cm DAP), y contar el número de lianas por árbol, estimamos un promedio de 65 especies de árboles y 51 especies de lianas por ha. La densidad promedio de árboles en el sitio de estudio (564 árboles/ha, EE=23.7) fué similar a otros sitios tropicales, pero la densidad promedio de bejucos leñosos fué mucho más alta (2471 bejucos lefiosos/ha). El área basal de árboles ≥ 10 cm DAP fué baja en Oquiriquia (19.2 m2/ha) en comparación con otros bosques tropicales. La diversidad de lianas, expresada como la razón de especies de árboles/especies de lianas lefiosas, fué mayor que en cualquier otro estudio reportado hasta la fecha. De los árboles ≥ 10 cm DAP, 86 por ciento cargaban lianas. Cuatro especies de árboles (Astrocaryum aculeatum, Euterpe precatoria, Xylopia sericea, y Astronium fraxinifolium), tuvieron una proporción menor de individuos infestados con lianas que lo esperado en base el porcentaje promedio de infección de lianas en este bosque. Parcelas de bosque con una composición de especies de árboles similar no compartieron una compositión de lianas similar, ni una carga de bejucos similar por árbol, lo que suguiere que las lianas y los árboles no tienen asociaciones especificas entre sí. Las lianas presentaron un partón agregado en los árboles, lo que sugiere un proceso de facilitación en el que nuevas lianas emplean a otras ya establecidas para trepar en los árboles. Lianas de cuatro mecanismos distintos para trepar subieron un número similar de árboles. Parcelas del bosque con altas densidades de palmas mostraron altas densidades de bejucos, lo que sugiere que las palmas y los bejucos responden positivamete a condiciones sucesionales del bosque similares. Arboles de diámetros mayores cargaban más lianas que
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