Li-ion storage dynamics in metastable nanostructured Li2FeSiO4 cathode: Antisite-induced phase transition and lattice oxygen participation

Abstract

Abstract Li2FeSiO4 (LFS) has drawn much attention as cathode for high capacity Li-ion batteries. Even though significant volume of study has been devoted to its crystal chemistry and electrochemistry, many questions relating to its Li-ion storage dynamics remain yet to be fully elucidated. In this context, synchrotron-based X-ray diffraction and absorption spectroscopies are employed to characterize the phase stability and charge compensation mechanism in a metastable Li2FeSiO4 nanostructured cathode as a function of state-of-charge (Li2−xFeSiO4, x = 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.0) and cycling at very low current. The results demonstrate (i) no detectable phase transition from monoclinic to orthorhombic phase during the first charge-discharge cycle but rather formation of antisite defects that progressively induce phase transformation after several electrochemical cycles; (ii) characteristics of solid solution Li-ion storage (Li2−xFeSiO4, x = 0–1); and (iii) the charge compensation for the first Li extraction does not come solely from the ferrous to ferric conversion, but interestingly from prominent participation of lattice oxygen as well that appears to destabilize the cycled LFS structure with significant performance implications.