Abstract
With the successful circulation of beams in the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), its vacuum system becomes the world's largest vacuum system under operation. This system is composed of 54 km of ultra high vacuum (UHV) for the two circulating beams and about 50 km of insulation vacuum around the cryogenic magnets and the liquid helium transfer lines (QRL). The LHC complex is completed by 7 km of high vacuum transfer lines for the injection of beams from the SPS and their dumping. Over the 54 km of UHV beam vacuum, 48 km are at cryogenic temperature (1.9 K), the remaining 6 km are at ambient temperature and use extensively non-evaporable getter (NEG) coatings, a technology that was born and industrialised at CERN. The cryogenic insulation vacuum systems, less demanding technically, impress by their size and volume: 50 km and 15,000 m 3. Once cooled at 1.9 K, the cryopumping allows pressure in the 10 −4 Pa range to be attained.
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