Abstract
The present study investigates the English language variations due to code-switching between L1 (Urdu) and L2 (English). It shows how language varies from culture to culture, religion to religion, and how these variations make language an independent variety. This research also investigates the role of Urdu language in the formation of Pakistani English. It is a corpus-based study. Methodology in the study is both qualitative and quantitative. A mixed approach has been employed. As a sample, a famous postcolonial novel “Twilight in Delhi” by Ahmed Ali has been selected. Analysis shows that the Pakistani native language has an effect on its culture on the English language. This research also investigates various sociolinguistics factors. It shows that the phenomenon of “Borrowing” is frequently used in the novel than compounding and hybridization because of the Islamic religion, historical and societal culture. Edibles are transferred from Urdu into English because they do not have their direct equivalents in English. The results also indicate that the usual use of Urdu words into English at the lexical level is property of Pakistani English and makes it an independent variety.
Highlights
1 Pakistani English is a non-native variety of English in Pakistani
1.3 Research Questions The research questions are as follow: 1) What language variety is used by the writer to illustrate specific features of Pakistani English? 2) What are the reasons behind the phenomenon of borrowing occur in Twilight in Delhi? 3) How lexical and semantic variation in Twilight in Delhi makes the non-native variety of English an independent variety?
This paper investigated that Pakistani English writers use many devices that developed variations in the Pakistani English to fill the lexical gaps in English
Summary
1 Pakistani English is a non-native variety of English in Pakistani. It is developed through a language contact situation. There are many reasons for language contact such as trade, social network, conquests, globalizations, missionaries, socialization, immigration etc. When a language is exposed to other language, it exerts influence on each other. Variety is a neutral term used to refer to any kind of language (Trudgill, 2003). English in Pakistan has its roots back to the time in 1600, when East India's Merchants were sent to the Indian subcontinent to trade with India by Queen Elizabeth. Pakistan is separated from British India but both countries (Pakistan and India) use the same patterns of English
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