Abstract
Abstract In the late summer or autumn of the year 384, the Urban Prefect Q. Aurelius Symmachus forwarded from Rome to Milan a relatio requesting the restoration of the Altar of Victory to the senate-house and the renewal of imperial subsidies for Rome’s priestly colleges. Although the position of the emperor Valentinian II (375-92) was insecure-his elder brother, Gratian (367-83), had been killed at Lyon the year before and the usurper Magnus Maximus (383-8) now controlled Gaul and Spain-Milan’s forceful bishop, Ambrose, persuaded Valentinian to deny the prefect’s request.1 Three years later, in the summer of 387, Maximus led his army from Gaul into northern Italy and Valentinian’s court took refuge with the emperor Theodosius I (379-95) in the east. The following summer, Theodosius himself marched west, defeated Maximus, and reinstated Valentinian. Theodosius then stayed on in Italy for three years, not returning east until mid-391.
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