Levosimendan off-label successfully used in two patients with exacerbated COPD and severe bronchospasm: a case series focusing on an explorative review of the current literature

Abstract

Levosimendan was used off label to treat two patients with similar clinical and medical history (severe COPD, bronchospasm, cigarette smoking, difficult weaning). Starting from these two favorable cases, an explorative review of the current literature was conducted relating to this use of Levosimendan and its rationale.